ScienceAndHumanOrigins-T

89 / 91

89
traits or DNA sequences that they are studying. Usingmathematical algorithms, they
look for tree-branching patterns that minimize conflict, or represent the fewest
changes over time, but that can explain the observed distribution of traits or DNA
variation.
4. Francisco Ayala, “The myth of Eve: Molecular biology and human origins,”
Science 270 (1995): 1930– 1936.
5. H. A. Erlich et al., “ HLA sequence polymorphism and the origin of humans,”
Science 274 (1996): 1552– 1554.
6. T. F. Bergström et al., “ Recent origin of HLA-DRB1 alleles and implications
for human evolution,” Nature Genetics 18 (1998): 237–242.
7. G. Doxiadis et al., “Reshuffling of ancient peptide binding motifs between
HLA-DRB multigene family members: Old wine served in new skins,” Molecular Immunology
45 (2008): 2743– 2751.
8. Ibid.
9. J. Klein, A. Sato, and N. Nikolaidis, “ MHC, TSP, and the Origin of Species:
From Immunogenetics to Evolutionary Genetics,” Annu. Rev. Genet. 41 (2007): 281– 304.
10. Doxiadis, “Reshuffling of ancient peptide binding motifs. ”
11. C.K. Raymond et al., “ Ancient haplotypes of the HLA Class II region, ” Genome
Research 15 (2005): 1250– 1257.
12. There is an illustration of HLA-DRB1 and its neighboring genes in C. K.
Raymond et al., “Ancient haplotypes,” 1251.
13. G. Andersson, “Evolution of the human HLA-DR region,” Frontiers in Bioscience
3 (1998): d739–745.
14. V. Vincek, et al., “How Large Was the Founding Population of Darwin ’s
Finches?” Proc. R. Soc. London Ser. B 264 (1997): 111– 118.
15. G. Doxiadis et al., “ Extensive DRB region diversity in cynomolgus macaques:
recombination as a driving force,” Immunogenetics 62 (2010): 137– 147.
16. Ziqiang Li, Caroline J. Woo, Maria D. Iglesias-Ussel, et al.,“ The generation
of antibody diversity through hypermutation and class switch recombination,” Genes
Dev. 18 (2004): 1– 11.
17. Katja Kotsch and Rainer Blasczy, “ Interlineage Recombinations as a Mechanism
of The Noncoding Regions of HLA-DRB Uncover HLA Diversification,” J Immunol 165
(2000): 5664–5670.