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79. See Ronald J. Clarke and Phillip V. Tobias, “Sterkfontein Member 2 Foot
Bones of the Oldest South African Hominid,” Science, 269 (July 28, 1995): 521 – 24.
80. Peter Andrews, “Ecological Apes and Ancestors,” Nature, 376 (August 17,
1995): 555–56.
81. Oxnard, “The place of the australopithecines in human evolution: grounds
for doubt?,” 389–95.
82. Yoel Rak, Avishag Ginzburg, and Eli Geffen, “Gorilla-like anatomy on
Australopithecus afarensis mandibles suggests Au. afarensis link to robust
australopiths,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA), 104 (April
17, 2007): 6568– 72.
83. Donald C. Johanson, C. Owen Lovejoy, William H. Kimbel, Tim D. White,
Steven C. Ward, Michael E. Bush, Bruce M. Latimer, and Yves Coppens, “Morphology of
the Pliocene Partial Hominid Skeleton (A.L. 288-1). From the Hadar Formation,
Ethiopia,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 57 (1982): 403–51.
84. François Marchal, “A New Morphometric Analysis of the Hominid Pelvic
Bone,” Journal of Human Evolution, 38 (March, 2000): 347–65.
85. M. Maurice Abitbol, “Lateral view of Australopithecus afarensis: primitive
aspects of bipedal positional behavior in the earliest hominids,” Journal of Human
Evolution, 28 (March, 1995): 211–29 (internal citations removed).
86. Leslie Aiello quoted in Leakey and Lewin, Origins Reconsidered: In Search
of What Makes Us Human, 196. See also Bernard Wood and Mark Collard, “The Human
Genus,” Science, 284 (April 2, 1999): 65–71.
87. F. Spoor, M. G. Leakey, P. N. Gathogo, F. H. Brown, S. C. Antó n, I.
McDougall, C. Kiarie, F. K. Manthi, and L. N. Leakey, “Implications of new early
Homo fossils from Ileret, east of Lake Turkana, Kenya,” Nature, 448 (August 9,
2007): 688–91.
88. Ian Tattersall, “The Many Faces of Homo habilis, ” Evolutionary
Anthropology, 1 (1992): 33–37.
89. Ian Tattersall and Jeffrey H. Schwartz, “Evolution of the Genus Homo,”
Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences, 37 (2009): 67– 92.
Paleoanthropologists Daniel E. Lieberman, David R. Pilbeam, and Richard W. Wrangham
likewise co-write that “fossils attributed to H. habilis are poorly associated with
inadequate and fragmentary postcrania.” Daniel E. Lieberman, David R. Pilbeam, and
Richard W. Wrangham, “The Transition from Australopithecus to Homo,” in Transitions
in Prehistory: Essays in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef, eds. John J. Shea and Daniel E.
Lieberman (Cambridge: Oxbow Books, 2009), 1. See also Ann Gibbons, “Who Was Homo
habilis—And Was It Really Homo?,” Science, 332 (June 17, 2011): 1370– 71
( “researchers labeled a number of diverse, fragmentary fossils from East Africa and
SouthAfrica ‘H. habilis,’ making the taxon a ‘grab bag… a Homo waste bin,’ says
paleoanthropologist Chris Ruff of Johns Hopkins University in Baltimore,
Maryland”).