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107. Marchal, “A New Morphometric Analysis of the Hominid Pelvic Bone,” 347–
65.
108. Hawks, Hunley, Lee, and Wolpoff, “Population Bottlenecks and Pleistocene
Human Evolution,” 2–22.
109. Ibid.
110. Ibid.
111. Lieberman, Pilbeam, and Wrangham, “The Transition from Australopithecus
to Homo,” 1.
112. Ibid.
113. Ian Tattersall, “ Once we were not alone,” Scientific American (January,
2000): 55–62.
114. Ernst Mayr, What Makes Biology Unique?: Considerations on the Autonomy of
a Scientific Discipline (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004), 198.
115. “New study suggests big bang theory of human evolution ” University of
Michigan News Service (January 10, 2000), accessed March 4, 2012,
116. See for example Eric Delson, “One skull does not a species make,” Nature,
389 (October 2, 1997): 445–46; Hawks et al., “Population Bottlenecks and
Pleistocene Human Evolution,” 2–22; Emilio Aguirre, “Homo erectus and Homo sapiens:
One or More Species?,” in 100 Years of Pithecanthropus: TheHomo erectus Problem 171
Courier Forschungsinstitut Seckenberg, ed. Jens Lorenz (Frankfurt: Courier
Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 1994), 333–339; Milford H. Wolpoff, Alan G. Thorne,
Jan Jelínek, and Zhang Yinyun, “The Case for Sinking Homo erectus: 100 Years of
Pithecanthropus is Enough!,” in100 Years of Pithecanthropus: The Homo erectus
Problem 171 Courier Forschungsinstitut Seckenberg, ed. Jens Lorenz (Frankfurt:
Courier Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, 1994), 341–361.
117. See Hartwig-Scherer and Martin, “Was ‘Lucy’ more human than her ‘child’?
Observations on early hominid postcranial skeletons,” 439 –49.
118. Spoor, Wood, and Zonneveld, “Implications of early hominid labyrinthine
morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion,” 645–48.
119. William R. Leonard and Marcia L. Robertson, “Comparative Primate
Energetics and Hominid Evolution,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102
(February, 1997): 265–81.
120. William R. Leonard, Marcia L. Robertson, and J. Josh Snodgrass,
“Energetic Models of Human Nutritional Evolution,” in Evolution of the Human Diet:
The Known, the Unknown, and the Unknowable, ed. Peter S. Ungar (Oxford University
Press, 2007), 344–59.
121. References for cranial capacities cited in Figure 3-11 are as follows:
Gorilla: Stephen Molnar, Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 4th ed.