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Forschungsinstitut Seckenberg, ed. Jens Lorenz (Frankfurt: Courier Forschungsinstitut
Senckenberg, 1994), 341–361.
117. See Hartwig-Scherer and Martin, “ Was ‘Lucy’ more human than her ‘child’?
Observations on early hominid postcranial skeletons,” 439– 49.
118. Spoor, Wood, and Zonneveld, “ Implications of early hominid labyrinthine
morphology for evolution of human bipedal locomotion,” 645 –48.
119. William R. Leonard and Marcia L. Robertson, “Comparative Primate Energetics
and Hominid Evolution,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 102 (February,
1997): 265–81.
120. William R. Leonard, Marcia L. Robertson, and J. Josh Snodgrass, “Energetic
Models of Human Nutritional Evolution,” in Evolution of the Human Diet: The Known, the
Unknown, and the Unknowable, ed. Peter S. Ungar (Oxford University Press, 2007), 344–
59.
121. References for cranial capacities cited in Figure 3-11 are as follows:
Gorilla: Stephen Molnar, Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 4th ed.
(Upper Saddle River: Prentice Hall, 1998), 203. Chimpanzee: Molnar, Human Variation:
Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 4th ed., 203. Australopithecus: Glenn C. Conroy,
Gerhard W. Weber, Horst Seidler, Phillip V. Tobias, Alex Kane, Barry Brunsden,
“Endocranial Capacity in an Early Hominid Cranium from Sterkfontein, South Africa,”
Science, 280 (June 12, 1998): 1730– 31; Wood and Collard, “The Human Genus,” 65– 71.
Homo habilis: Wood and Collard, “The Human Genus, ” 65– 71. Homo erectus: Molnar, Human
Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 4th ed., 203; Wood and Collard, “The Human
Genus,” 65– 71. Neanderthals: Molnar, Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups,
4th ed., 203; Molnar, Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 5th ed., 189.
Homo sapiens (modern man): Molnar, Human Variation: Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups,
4th ed., 203; E. I. Odokuma, P. S. Igbigbi, F. C. Akpuaka and U. B. Esigbenu,
Craniometric patterns of three Nigerian ethnic groups,” International Journal of
Medicine and Medical Sciences, 2 (February, 2010): 34– 37; Molnar, Human Variation:
Races, Types, and Ethnic Groups, 5th ed., 189.
122. Donald C. Johanson and Maitland Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (New
York: Simon & Schuster, 1981), 144.
123. Ibid.
124. See Wood and Collard, “ The Human Genus,” 65– 71.
125. Michael D. Lemonick, “ A Bit of Neanderthal in Us All?, ” Time (April 25,
1999), accessed March 5, 2012,
126. Marc Kaufman, “ Modern Man, Neanderthals Seen as Kindred Spirits,” Washington
Post (April 30, 2007), accessed March 5, 2012,